Mechanisms of Reciprocal Regulation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)-Producing and Immune Systems: The Role of GnRH,Cytokines and Their Receptors in Early Ontogenesis in Normal and Pathological Conditions

Different aspects of the reciprocal regulatory influence on the development of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-producing- and immune systems in the perinatal ontogenesis and their functioning in adults in normal and pathological conditions are discussed. The influence of GnRH on the development of the immune system, on the one hand, and the influence of proinflammatory cytokines on the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system, on the other hand, and their functioning in adult offspring are analyzed. We have focused on the effects of GnRH on the formation and functional activity of the thymus, as the central organ of the immune system, in the perinatal period. The main mechanisms of reciprocal regulation of these systems are discussed. The reproductive health of an individual is programmed by the establishment and development of physiological systems during critical periods. Regulatory epigenetic mechanisms of development are not strictly genetically controlled. These processes are characterized by a high sensitivity to various regulatory factors, which provides possible corrections for disorders.     

Spinal Excitatory Dynorphinergic Interneurons Contribute to Burn Injury-Induced Nociception Mediated by Phosphorylated Histone 3 at Serine 10 in Rodents

The phosphorylation of serine 10 in histone 3 (p-S10H3) has recently been demonstrated to participate in spinal nociceptive processing. However, superficial dorsal horn (SDH) neurons involved in p-S10H3-mediated nociception have not been fully characterized. In the present work, we combined immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization with the retrograde labeling of projection neurons to reveal the subset of dorsal horn neurons presenting an elevated level of p-S10H3 in response to noxious heat (60 °C), causing burn injury. Projection neurons only represented a small percentage (5%) of p-S10H3-positive cells, while the greater part of them belonged to excitatory SDH interneurons. The combined immunolabeling of p-S10H3 with markers of already established interneuronal classes of the SDH revealed that the largest subset of neurons with burn injury-induced p-S10H3 expression was dynorphin immunopositive in mice. Furthermore, the majority of p-S10H3-expressing dynorphinergic neurons proved to be excitatory, as they lacked Pax-2 and showed Lmx1b-immunopositivity. Thus, we showed that neurochemically heterogeneous SDH neurons exhibit the upregulation of p-S10H3 shortly after noxious heat-induced burn injury and consequential tissue damage, and that a dedicated subset of excitatory dynorphinergic neurons is likely a key player in the development of central sensitization via the p-S10H3 mediated pathway.     

D-limonene Inhibits Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizure via Adenosine A2A Receptor Modulation on GABAergic Neuronal Activity

Background: Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by the recurrence of seizures. One-third of patients with epilepsy may not respond to antiseizure drugs. Purpose: We aimed to examine whether D-limonene, a cyclic monoterpene, exhibited any antiseizure activity in the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling mouse model and in vitro. Methods: PTZ kindling mouse model was established by administering PTZ (30 mg/kg) intraperitoneally to mice once every 48 h. We performed immunoblot blots, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis after the behavioral study. Results: An acute injection of PTZ (60 mg/kg) induced seizure in mice, while pretreatment with D-limonene inhibited PTZ-induced seizure. Repeated administration of PTZ (30 mg/kg) increased the seizure score gradually in mice, which was reduced in D-limonene (10 mg/kg)-pretreated group. In addition, D-limonene treatment increased glutamate decarboxylase-67 (GAD-67) expression in the hippocampus. Axonal sprouting of hippocampal neurons after kindling was inhibited by D-limonene pretreatment. Moreover, D-limonene reduced the expression levels of Neuronal PAS Domain Protein 4 (Npas4)-induced by PTZ. Furthermore, the adenosine A2A antagonist {"type":"entrez-protein","attrs":{"text":"SCH58261","term_id":"1052882304","term_text":"SCH58261"}}SCH58261 and ZM241385 inhibited anticonvulsant activity and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurotransmission-induced by D-limonene. Conclusion: These results suggest that D-limonene exhibits anticonvulsant activity through modulation of adenosine A2A receptors on GABAergic neuronal function.     

基于单神经元PID的真空炉自适应温度控制

根据真空热处理系统的特点,将单神经元PID控制算法应用到真空热处理系统的温度控制上。根据神经网络的非线性逼近能力和自学习自适应的特点,将单神经元网络与PID控制结合实现对真空炉温度的控制,以达到提高真空炉温度控制品质的目的。并通过计算机仿真软件进行仿真试验,仿真结果表明单神经元PID控制系统可以对控制参数自整定,其对温度控制更加稳健,具有更强的抗干扰能力和鲁棒性。经过搭建真空炉温度控制系统试验平台验证后发现,应用单神经元PID控制的真空炉系统的温升过程表现出了良好的稳定性,但是温度控制的响应速度和保温的精度略有下降。要想进一步提高温控品质,需要就单神经元PID控制方法在响应速度和控制精度上做进一步改进。     

三维图像栈中神经末梢点的自动检测

作为神经元追踪算法的种子点,神经元的末梢点的检测非常关键。此前的研究提出了一种基于发散射线模型(rayshooting model)的检测方法,通过分析神经元图像中候选末梢点附近邻域的灰度强度分布来检测神经元的末梢点。然而,在此模型中,射线的长度以及z方向切片的数量都是固定值,所以在处理一些神经元直径尺寸变化较大的图像时,算法的准确性很受影响。因此,提出了一种可以根据神经元局部直径大小来改变射线长度以及相邻切片数量的自适应发散射线模型,神经元的局部直径由一种结合了Rayburst sampling算法及MSFM(multistencils fast marching)算法的方法测得。实验结果表明,与之前的方法相比,检测精度提高了约10%。     

基于单神经元和前馈补偿的电动加载复合控制

针对飞机舵机电动加载系统的力矩跟踪和干扰抑制的优化问题,提出一种基于单神经元和扰动前馈抑制的电动加载复合控制方法。首先利用改进的粒子群算法调整单神经元PID控制器的参数和系数K,然后对舵机角位移进行前馈补偿来抑制多余力矩,以减小舵机位置干扰对系统的影响;最后对电动加载复合控制系统进行仿真。仿真结果表明,系统的抗干扰能力及加载精度得到进一步提高,证明了该复合控制方法在理论上的可行性。     

人工神经网络概述

近年来,随着人工神经网络在信息、自动化、医学、经济等领域的广泛应用和杰出表现,使得人工神经网络又开始得到广泛关注和重新重视。基于需求,本文对人工神经网络做了简单概述。     

Evaluating the protective effects of radon inhalation or ascorbic acid treatment after transient global cerebral ischemic injury in gerbils

In this study, we compared the protective effects of radon inhalation and ascorbic acid administration on transient global cerebral ischemic injury in gerbils. Gerbils were treated with radon inhalation (2000 Bq/m³, 24 hours) or ascorbic acid (100, 300, or 500 mg/kg body weight). Then, transient global cerebral ischemia was induced by bilateral occlusion of the common carotid artery. Results showed that the number of damaged neurons was significantly increased in gerbils that underwent ischemia compared with that in control gerbils. However, the number of damaged neurons in gerbils treated with radon or 500 mg/kg of ascorbic acid before ischemia was significantly lower than gerbils who were subjected to ischemia without any pretreatment, and the protective effects of radon inhalation were similar to the effects of administering 500 mg/kg ascorbic acid. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total glutathione (t-GSH) in brain tissue were increased to a similar extent by pretreatment with radon inhalation or 500 mg/kg of ascorbic acid. These findings suggested that radon inhalation has a protective antioxidative effect against transient global cerebral ischemic injury similar to 500 mg/kg ascorbic acid treatment.